Fire prevention and mitigation for EVs in confined areas (2ZERO Partnership)

Expected Outcome

Project results are expected to contribute to all of the following expected outcomes:

• Standardised fire risk assessment for EVs’[1] fire hazards in constrained spaces and areas such as underground/ built-in parking lots, garages, ferryboats and depots with and without charging facilities and during mono- or bidirectional charging.
• Innovative on-board and/or off-board affordable fire-detection, suppression, and containment measures and techniques.
• Standardised fire protocols and open evaluation frameworks.
• Enhanced public perception of fire safety across all EV categories.

Scope

The overall fire safety risks associated with Electric Vehicles (EVs) are substantially lower compared to those of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. However, public concerns and perceptions about EV fire safety may still persist. This necessitates a thorough examination and addressing of potential causes of EV fire to alleviate any remaining worries. This necessitates a thorough examination and addressing of potential causes of EV fire to alleviate any remaining worries..

Proposed actions are expected to address all of the following aspects:

• Development of the most comprehensive database about fire accidents involving all EV categories at the European level.
• Mitigation measures and solutions in case of thermal runaway of batteries, if not prevented in the first place, by appropriate design or by active measures to effectively avoid open fire and its possible progression.
• A clear recognition of EV risks by improved on-board diagnosis and real-time monitoring, leading to early warning and to appropriate countermeasures.
• Development of innovative and affordable fire detection, prevention and optionally suppression solutions for constrained spaces and areas such as underground/ built-in parking lots, garages, ferryboats and depots with and without charging facilities and during mono- or bidirectional charging. This can include e.g. measures for thermal runaway, fire-resistant systems/materials, easy and safe access to the battery for removal from the vehicle.
• Development of firefighting protocols to deal with EVs on fire in narrow situations, essential for quick and effective intervention, including integration with existing safety standards (e.g., ISO, NFPA) to ensure smooth adoption and compatibility.
• Social awareness for a transparent, informed public perception of the safety level of all EV categories, also with the development of a European based platform for dissemination and information with direct involvement of main stakeholders.

This topic requires the effective contribution of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) disciplines and the involvement of SSH experts, institutions as well as the inclusion of relevant SSH expertise, in order to produce meaningful and significant effects enhancing the societal impact of the related research activities.

This topic implements the co-programmed European Partnership on ‘Towards zero emission road transport’ (2ZERO). As such, projects resulting from this topic will be expected to report on the results to the European Partnership ‘Towards zero emission road transport’ (2ZERO) in support of the monitoring of its KPIs.

The topic is open to international collaboration, and the funded project are expected to seek synergies with the Sustainable Transport Forum[2] and with the EV TCP Task 49[3].

Technology Readiness Level - Technology readiness level expected from completed projects

Activities are expected to achieve TRL 6 by the end of the project - see General Annex B. Activities may start at any TRL.

[1] The focus of this topic is on vehicles in categories, M1, N1 and HDV including L-category vehicles as far as commercially available with 400V-AC or DC charging connectors

[2] In particular on fire safety issues, see e.g. “Guidance of fire safety for electric vehicles parked and charging infrastructure in covered parking spaces”, doi:10.2832/6681178, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c2c1f892-f3ef-11ef-b7db-01aa75ed71a1/language-en, last visited 2025-04-30

[3] Electric Vehicle Technology Collaboration Programme, Task 49: EV Fire Safety, https://evtcp.org/task/task-49/, last visited 2025-04-30